• Family : EUPHORBIACEAE
  (Spurge Family)
• Family (Hindi name) : AMLA FAMILY (आँवला फैमिली)
• Family (as per The APG System III) : Phyllanthaceae
• Synonym(s) : Andrachne trifoliata Roxb.; Bischofia leptopoda Müll.Arg.; Bischofia oblongifolia Decne.; Bischofia roeperiana Decne.; Bischofia toui Decne.; Bischofia trifoliata (Roxb.) Hook.; Microelus roeperianus (Decne.) Wight & Arn.; Phyllanthus gymnanthus Baill.; Stylodiscus trifoliatus (Roxb.) Benn.
• Species Name (as per The IPNI) : Bischofia javanica Blume
• Common name : Bishopweed, Bischofia, Javawood, Toog
• Vernacular name :
  • Kein, Bhillar, Paniala (Hindi)
  • Gobra neerale (Kannada)
  • Cholavaengai, Malaipoovarasu, Milachadayaan (Tamil)
  • Nalupu mushti (Telugu)
  • Cholavenga, Chorakkali, Miachethayan, Nannalamaram, Neeli, Nira, Rakthavenga, Thiruppu (Malayalam)
• Habit : Tree
• Habitat : Tropical evergreen forests, Tropical semi-evergreen forests, On hills above 1000m, Shola.
• Comments / notes : Wood is hard, rough grained and used in various building purpose; Leaves are used to dye bamboo baskets.
• Key identification features : Trees, up to 30 m high with cylindric trunk and spreading crown; Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets elliptic or ovate-oblong; Flowers in paniclulate racemes, greenish; Fruits globose, brown when ripe.
• Flower, Fruit : March-December
• Distribution :
  • Andhra Pradesh : Vishakapatnam district
  • Karnataka : Dakshina Kannada district, Hassan district, Kodagu (Coorg) district, Shivamogga district, Uttara Kannada district
  • Kerala : Kannur district, Wayanad district, Kozhikode district, Malappuram district, Palakkad district, Thrissur district, Idukki district, Pathanamthitta district, Kollam district, Thiruvananthapuram district
  • Odisha : Mayurbhanj district, Ganjam district
  • Tamil Nadu : Dindigul district
  • Uttarakhand : Nainital district
  • Sikkim : Sikkim
  • Arunachal Pradesh : Changlang, Lohit, Subansiri, Tirap
  • Meghalaya : Meghalaya
  • Assam : Assam
  • Nagaland : Nagaland
  • Delhi : Delhi
  • Uttar Pradesh : Uttar Pradesh
  • Mizoram : Mizoram
  • Andaman and Nicobar Islands : North and Middle Andaman,Betapur and Rongat
  • Manipur : Manipur
  • Tripura : Tripura
• Native : Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, Caroline Islands, China, Cook Islands, Bhutan, Fiji, Hainan, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Islands, N
• Exotic/Native : Native
• World Distribution : Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, Caroline Islands, China, Cook Islands, Bhutan, Fiji, Hainan, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Islands, Niue, Philippines, Queensland, Samoa, Santa Cruz Islands, Society Islands, Solomon Islands, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Wallis-Futuna Islands
• Conservation Status : Not Evaluated (NE)
• Literature :
  • H.O. Saxena & M. Brahmam, 1995- Flora of Orissa Vol. 3
  • H. O. Saxena and M. Brahmam, 1989 - The Flora of Similipahar (Similipal), Orissa
  • Matthew, K.M., The Flora of Tamil Nadu Carnatic, Vol.3 (2). Diocesan Press, Madras. 1983
  • Naidu, M.T. & O.A. Kumar 2015. Tree species diversity in the Eastern Ghats of Northern Andhra Pradesh, India. JoTT 7 (8): 7443-7459
  • Sasidharan, N. 2011. Flowering plants of Kerala. DVD, V 2, KFRI.
  • Parkinson, C.E. 1923. A Forest Flora of the Andaman Islands, Govt. of India, Shimla: 244
  • G.S Giri., A.Pramanik., H.J. Chowdhery., G.D Pal and S.K. Das (2008). Materials for Arunachal Pradesh, Vol (2), Pg: 365
• Read more :
  • Plants of the World Online
  • World Flora Online
  • Global Plants on JSTOR
• Citation : Sankara Rao, K., Deepak Kumar (2024). India Flora Online. http://indiafloraonline-ces.iisc.ac.in/plants.php?name=Bischofia javanica. Downloaded on 21 November 2024.

Botanical Description

Herbarium Specimen(s)

Field Image(s)

Habitat

India Distribution

World Distribution