Bischofia javanica Blume

 
  • Family : EUPHORBIACEAE
    (Spurge Family)
  • Family (Hindi name) : AMLA FAMILY (आँवला फैमिली)
  • Family (as per The APG System III) : Phyllanthaceae
  • Synonym(s) : Andrachne trifoliata Roxb.; Bischofia leptopoda Müll.Arg.; Bischofia oblongifolia Decne.; Bischofia roeperiana Decne.; Bischofia toui Decne.; Bischofia trifoliata (Roxb.) Hook.; Microelus roeperianus (Decne.) Wight & Arn.; Phyllanthus gymnanthus Baill.; Stylodiscus trifoliatus (Roxb.) Benn.
  • Species Name (as per The IPNI) : Bischofia javanica Blume
  • Common name : Bishopweed, Bischofia, Javawood, Toog
  • Vernacular name :
    • Kein, Bhillar, Paniala (Hindi)
    • Gobra neerale (Kannada)
    • Cholavaengai, Malaipoovarasu, Milachadayaan (Tamil)
    • Nalupu mushti (Telugu)
    • Cholavenga, Chorakkali, Miachethayan, Nannalamaram, Neeli, Nira, Rakthavenga, Thiruppu (Malayalam)
  • Habit : Tree
  • Habitat : Tropical evergreen forests, Tropical semi-evergreen forests, On hills above 1000m, Shola.
  • Comments / notes : Wood is hard, rough grained and used in various building purpose; Leaves are used to dye bamboo baskets.
  • Key identification features : Trees, up to 30 m high with cylindric trunk and spreading crown; Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets elliptic or ovate-oblong; Flowers in paniclulate racemes, greenish; Fruits globose, brown when ripe.
  • Flower, Fruit : March-December
  • Distribution :
    • Andhra Pradesh : Visakhapatnam district
    • Karnataka : Dakshina Kannada district, Hassan district, Kodagu (Coorg) district, Shivamogga district, Uttara Kannada district
    • Kerala : Kannur district, Wayanad district, Kozhikode district, Malappuram district, Palakkad district, Thrissur district, Idukki district, Pathanamthitta district, Kollam district, Thiruvananthapuram district
    • Odisha : Mayurbhanj district, Ganjam district
    • Tamil Nadu : Dindigul district, Coimbatore district, Kanyakumari district, Namakkal district, The Nilgiri district, Salem district, Theni district, Tirunelveli district, Tiruvannamalai district
    • Uttarakhand : Nainital district
    • Sikkim : Sikkim
    • Arunachal Pradesh : Changlang, Lohit, Subansiri, Tirap
    • Meghalaya : Meghalaya
    • Assam : Assam
    • Nagaland : Nagaland
    • Delhi : Delhi
    • Uttar Pradesh : Uttar Pradesh
    • Mizoram : Mizoram
    • Andaman and Nicobar Islands : North and Middle Andaman,Betapur and Rongat
    • Manipur : Manipur
    • Tripura : Tripura
  • Native : Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, Caroline Islands, China, Cook Islands, Bhutan, Fiji, Hainan, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Islands, N
  • Exotic/Native : Native
  • World Distribution : Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, Caroline Islands, China, Cook Islands, Bhutan, Fiji, Hainan, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Islands, Niue, Philippines, Queensland, Samoa, Santa Cruz Islands, Society Islands, Solomon Islands, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Wallis-Futuna Islands
  • Conservation Status : Not Evaluated (NE)
  • Literature :
    • H.O. Saxena & M. Brahmam, 1995- Flora of Orissa Vol. 3
    • H. O. Saxena and M. Brahmam, 1989 - The Flora of Similipahar (Similipal), Orissa
    • Matthew, K.M., The Flora of Tamil Nadu Carnatic, Vol.3 (2). Diocesan Press, Madras. 1983
    • Naidu, M.T. & O.A. Kumar 2015. Tree species diversity in the Eastern Ghats of Northern Andhra Pradesh, India. JoTT 7 (8): 7443-7459
    • Sasidharan, N. 2011. Flowering plants of Kerala. DVD, V 2, KFRI.
    • Parkinson, C.E. 1923. A Forest Flora of the Andaman Islands, Govt. of India, Shimla: 244
    • G.S Giri., A.Pramanik., H.J. Chowdhery., G.D Pal and S.K. Das (2008). Materials for Arunachal Pradesh, Vol (2), Pg: 365
  • Read more :
  • Permalink : http://indiaflora-ces.iisc.ac.in/plants.php?name=Bischofia javanica
  • Citation : Sankara Rao, K., Deepak Kumar (2026). India Flora Online. http://indiaflora-ces.iisc.ac.in/plants.php?name=Bischofia javanica. Downloaded on 16 February 2026.

Botanical Description

Herbarium Specimen(s)

Field Image(s)

Habitat

Distribution District wise

India Distribution

World Distribution
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