-  Family : ACANTHACEAE
 (Acanthus Family) 
-  Family (Hindi name) : ARUSA FAMILY (अडूसा फैमिली) 
 
-  Family (as per The APG System III) : Acanthaceae
 
-  Synonym(s) : Acanthus doloarin Blanco; Acanthus ebracteatus var. xiamenensis (R.T.Zhang) C.Y.Wu & C.C.Hu; Acanthus ilicifolius var. subinteger Nees; Acanthus ilicifolius var. typica Domin; Acanthus ilicifolius var. xiamenensis (R.T.Zhang) Y.F.Deng, N.H.Xia & Heng B.Chen; Acanthus neoguineensis Engl.; Acanthus xiamenensis R.T.Zhang; Dilivaria ilicifolia (L.) J.St.-Hil. 
 
-  Species Name (as per The IPNI) : Acanthus ilicifolius L. 
 
-  Common name : Holly-leaved Acanthus;  Holy mangrove. 
 
-  Vernacular name :
- Harkata, Hargoza (Hindi) 
 
-  Holesulli, Mulluchulli (Kannada) 
 
-  Chakkaramulli, Chulli, Mendli, Moranna, Muthalamookku, Paingachulli, Payinachhulli (Malayalam) 
 
-  Thillai, Chakkaramulli, Chulli (Tamil) 
 
-  Harkach, Holithi konti, Harkanchi, Kilichiri (Oria) 
 
-  Alisi, Alchi, Etichilla (Telugu) 
 
  
-  Habit : Shrub 
 
-  Habitat : Mangrove, marshy areas 
 
-  Comments / notes : Maritime marshes along the coast 
 
-  Flower, Fruit : November-July 
 
-  Distribution : 
-  Andhra Pradesh : East Godavari district 
 -  Karnataka : Dakshina Kannada district, Udupi district, Uttara Kannada district 
 -  Kerala : Thiruvananthapuram district, Alappuzha district, Thrissur district,  Malappuram district,Kozhikode district, Kannur district, Kasaragod district, Ernakulam district, Kottayam district, Kollam district 
 -  Maharashtra : Thane district 
 -  Odisha : Balasore district, Kendrapara district, Cuttack district 
 -  Tamil Nadu : Tamil Nadu 
 -  Uttar Pradesh : Uttar Pradesh 
 -  Andaman and Nicobar Islands : North and Middle Andaman,South Andaman 
 
  
-  Native : Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Hainan, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Santa Cruz Islands 
 
-  Exotic/Native : Native 
 
-  World Distribution : Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Hainan, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Santa Cruz Islands 
 
-  Conservation Status : Least Concern (LC) 
 
-  Literature :
- H.O. Saxena & M. Brahmam, 1995- Flora of Orissa Vol. 3 
 
-  R. S. Rao et al., 1986 - Flora of West Godavari District 
 
-  IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1.  
 
-  Sasidharan, N. 2011. Flowering plants of Kerala. DVD, V 2, KFRI 
 
-  Gopalakrishna Bhat, 2003 - Udupi 
 
-  Gopalakrishna Bhat, 2014 - Flora of South Kanara 
 
-  Parkinson, C.E. 1923. A Forest Flora of the Andaman Islands, Govt. of India, Shimla: 217 
 
  
-  Read more :
 
-  Permalink : http://indiaflora-ces.iisc.ac.in/plants.php?name=Acanthus ilicifolius
 
-  Citation : Sankara Rao, K., Deepak Kumar (2025). India Flora Online. http://indiaflora-ces.iisc.ac.in/plants.php?name=Acanthus ilicifolius. Downloaded on  4 November 2025.
 
 
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India Distribution
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