• Family : MALVACEAE
  (Mallow Or Hibiscus Family)
• Family (Hindi name) : GURHAL FAMILY (गुड़हल फैमिली)
• Family (as per The APG System III) : Malvaceae
• Species Name (as per The IPNI) : Urena lobata L.
• Common name : Caesar weed, Aramina Fibre, Congo Jute
• Vernacular name :
  • Ottatti (Tamil)
  • Bachita, Unga, Lapetva, Pithia (Hindi)
  • Doddabende, Kadututti (Kannada)
  • Pedda benda (Telugu)
  • Chikimiammanji, Rakta pheni, Bilokapasira (Oria)
  • Cheli, Kuruvachedi, Oorppan, Uthiram, Uram, Vattooram (Malayalam)
• Habit : Undershrub
• Habitat : Degraded forests, also in the plains and Tropical semi-evergreen forests
• Comments / notes : Common on hills up to 1400m by arable lands, waysides and also in wastelands
• Flower, Fruit : Throughout the year
• Collector(s) Name : Arun Singh, Raja K. Swamy, Navendu Page; Cecil J. Saldanha; S.B.Manohar, K.R.Keshava Murthy
• Collection Date : 27-02-2016, 15-10-1959, 23-09-1978
• Collection Nos : HJCB-E-329, CJS 4614, KFP 2850
• Collection Locality : Barbera forest, Khurda district (OD); Palni hills, Tamil Nadu; Savandurga, Bangalore
• Distribution :
  • Andhra Pradesh : East Godavari district, Krishna district, Guntur district, Prakasam district
  • Karnataka : Bengaluru district
  • Kerala : All districts of Kerala
  • Maharashtra : Nagpur district, Amravati district, Bhandara district, Kolhapur district, Nagpur district, Pune district, Raigad district, Ratnagiri district, Satara district, Sindhudurg district, Thane district
  • Odisha : Throughout Odisha
  • Tamil Nadu : All districts of Tamil Nadu
  • Jharkhand :
  • Uttarakhand : Nainital district
  • Sikkim : Sikkim
  • Arunachal Pradesh : Changlang district, Dibang Valley district, West Kameng district, East Kameng district, Siang district, Subansiri district, Tirap district
  • Meghalaya : Meghalaya
  • Assam : Assam
  • Nagaland : Nagaland
  • Uttar Pradesh : Uttar Pradesh
  • Punjab : Punjab
  • Mizoram : Mizoram
  • Andaman and Nicobar Islands : Andaman and Nicobar Islands
  • Manipur : Manipur
  • Tripura : Tripura
• Native : Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Angola, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Caroline Islands, Central African Repu, Central American Pac, Chad, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cub
• Exotic/Native : Native
• World Distribution : Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Angola, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Caroline Islands, Central African Repu, Central American Pac, Chad, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, French Guiana, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Islands, Guyana, Hainan, Haiti, Honduras, India, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jawa, Kenya, Laos, Leeward Islands, Liberia, Malawi, Malaya, Mali, Marianas, Mauritania, Mexico, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panamá, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tibet, Togo, Trinidad-Tobago, Uganda, Venezuela, Vietnam, Windward Islands, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
• Conservation Status : Not Evaluated (NE)
• Literature :
  • Pullaiah et al., 2002 - Flora of Eastern Ghats Vol. 1
  • R. S. Rao et al., 1986 - Flora of West Godavari District
  • H. O. Saxena and M. Brahmam, 1989 - The Flora of Similipahar (Similipal), Orissa
  • Matthew, K.M., Flora of Tamil Nadu Carnatic, Vol.3 (1). Diocesan Press, Madras. 1983.
  • H.O. Saxena & M. Brahmam, 1994- Flora of Orissa Vol. 1
  • Henry, Kumari & Chithra (1983). Flora of Tamil Nadu, India vol. 1
  • Sasidharan, N. 2011. Flowering plants of Kerala. DVD, V 2, KFRI.
  • P.K . Hajra ., D.M. Verma and G.S. Giri (1996). Materials For The Flora Of Arunachal Pradesh , Vol (1), Pg : 246
  • Indigenous Plants at Biodiversity Park, Ranchi - Ranchi Afforestation Division, Forest and Environmental Department, Jharkhand
• Read more :
  • Plants of the World Online
  • World Flora Online
  • Global Plants on JSTOR
• Citation : Sankara Rao, K., Deepak Kumar (2024). India Flora Online. http://indiafloraonline-ces.iisc.ac.in/plants.php?name=Urena lobata subsp. lobata. Downloaded on 7 September 2024.

Botanical Description

Herbarium Specimen(s)

Field Image(s)

India Distribution

World Distribution