• Family : ULMACEAE
  (Elm Family)
• Family (Hindi name) : KHIRK FAMILY
• Family (as per The APG System III) : Cannabaceae
• Basionym : Celtis orientalis L.
• Synonym(s) : Sponia wightii Planch.; Celtis laeta Salisb.; Celtis glomerata Hochst.; Celtis commersonii Brongn.
• Species Name (as per The IPNI) : Trema orientale (L.) Blume
• Common name : Pigeon Wood, Oriental Nettle, Oriental trema, Gunpowder tree, Charcoal tree
• Vernacular name :
  • Kiruhale (Kannada)
  • Ambaratthi, Taeliaamaram (Tamil)
  • Jivani, Kharkas (Oria)
  • Gio (Hindi)
  • Budamuru, Chakkamanu, Godlanelli, Kondajonna, Kakamushti, Moralai (Telugu)
  • Aamathali, Aarni, Amapotti, Amarathi, Ami, Javanthi, Omamaram, Pottama, Pottamaram, Ratthi, Thundinaru (Malayalam)
• Habit : Tree
• Habitat : Tropical dry deciduous forests, Tropical moist deciduous forests, also in the plains
• Comments / notes : Common in forests above 400m of deciduous to Tropical semi-evergreen forests. Also in ravines and in cleared places.
• Key identification features : Trees or shrubs, 7-15 m high; Leaves obliquely ovate-Ianceolate, caudate-acuminate, crenulate; Flowers in axillary cymes, greenish; Drupes ovoid, compressed, black.
• Flower, Fruit : January-October
• Distribution :
  • Andhra Pradesh : Srikakulam district, Vishakapatnam district, Vizianagaram district, East Godavari district, West Godavari district, Krishna district, Guntur district, Prakasam district, Kurnool district, Nellore district, Kadapa district, Anantapur district, Chittoor district
  • Telangana : Khammam district, Nalgonda district, Mehboobnagar district
  • Karnataka : Bengaluru district, Ballari district, Chikkamagaluru district, Davanagare district, Hassan district, Kodagu (Coorg) district, Mysuru district, Shivamogga district, Udupi district, Uttara Kannada district
  • Kerala : All districts of Kerala
  • Maharashtra : Akola district
  • Odisha : Throughout
  • Madhya Pradesh : Hoshangabad district
  • Uttarakhand : Uttarakhand
  • Sikkim : Sikkim
  • Himachal Pradesh : Himachal Pradesh
  • Arunachal Pradesh : Changlang, Kameng, Lohit, Subansiri, Tirap
  • Meghalaya : Meghalaya
  • Assam : Assam
  • Nagaland : Nagaland
  • Uttar Pradesh : Uttar Pradesh
  • Mizoram : Mizoram
  • Andaman and Nicobar Islands : Andaman and Nicobar Islands
  • Manipur : Manipur
  • Tripura : Tripura
• Native : Andaman Islands, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Provinces, Caroline Islands, Central African Repu, Chad, China, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Djibouti, Bhutan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon,
• Exotic/Native : Native
• World Distribution : Andaman Islands, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Provinces, Caroline Islands, Central African Repu, Chad, China, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Djibouti, Bhutan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Islands, Hainan, India, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jawa, Kazan-retto, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Laos, Lesser Sunda Islands, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaya, Mali, Maluku, Marianas, Marquesas, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nansei-shoto, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Islands, Nigeria, Niue, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Ogasawara-shoto, Oman, Philippines, Queensland, Rwanda, Samoa, Santa Cruz Islands, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South China Sea, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Tibet, Togo, Tonga, Uganda, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
• Conservation Status : Not Evaluated (NE)
• Literature :
  • J.L.Ellis, 1990- Flora of Nallamalais Vol. 2
  • H.O. Saxena & M. Brahmam, 1995- Flora of Orissa Vol. 3
  • R. S. Rao et al., 1986 - Flora of West Godavari District
  • R. S. Rao and S. H. Sreeramulu, 1986 - Flora of Srikakulam District
  • H. O. Saxena and M. Brahmam, 1989 - The Flora of Similipahar (Similipal), Orissa
  • Sudhakar Reddy, C et al., 2009. Tree Wealth of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India
  • Sasidharan, N. 2011. Flowering plants of Kerala. DVD, V 2, KFRI.
  • Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976 – Flora of Hassan District
  • Cecil J. Saldanha, S. R. Ramesh (1984). Flora of Karnataka State vol. 1. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co, New Delhi
  • Gowda, 2004 - Sringeri
  • Ramaswamy & Razi, 1973 – Flora of Bangalore District
  • Keshava Murthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990 – Flora of Coorg District
  • Gopalakrishna Bhat, 2003 – Flora of Udupi District
  • Manjunath et al., 2003 – Flora of Davanagere District
  • Gopalakrishna Bhat, 2014 - Flora of South Kanara
  • G.S Giri., A.Pramanik., H.J. Chowdhery., G.D Pal and S.K. Das (2008). Materials for Arunachal Pradesh, Vol (2), Pg: 387
• Read more :
  • Plants of the World Online
  • World Flora Online
  • Global Plants on JSTOR
• Citation : Sankara Rao, K., Deepak Kumar (2024). India Flora Online. http://indiafloraonline-ces.iisc.ac.in/plants.php?name=Trema orientale. Downloaded on 21 November 2024.

Field Image(s)

Habitat

India Distribution

World Distribution