• Family : EUPHORBIACEAE
  (Spurge Family)
• Family (Hindi name) : AMLA FAMILY (आँवला फैमिली)
• Family (as per The APG System III) : EUPHORBIACEAE
• Synonym(s) : Excoecaria robusta Hook.f.
• Species Name (as per The Plant List) : Excoecaria oppositifolia var. crenulata (Wight) Chakrab. & M.Gangop.
• Vernacular name : Paal maram (Tamil); Era (Malayalam)
• Habit : Tree
• Habitat : Evergreen and shola forests
• Comments / notes : Occasional in wet-evergreen forests of upper ghats above 1000m. Exudes copious milky latex while blazed by locals. These are confined to Shola forests in South Indian hills.
• Key identification features : Capsule pendulous, three lobed.
• Flower, Fruit : December-June
• Collection Nos : KFP 12283, CJS 16850
• Distribution :
  • Karnataka : Chikkamagaluru district, Mysuru district, Uttara Kannada district, Hassan district, Kodagu (Coorg) district
  • Kerala : Kannur district, Malappuram district, Palakkad district, Idukki district, Thiruvananthapuram district
  • Tamil Nadu : Dharmapuri district, Vellore district, Tiruchirapalli district, Namakkal district
• Native : India, Sri Lanka
• World Distribution : India, Sri Lanka
• Conservation Status : Not Evaluated (NE)
• Literature : Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976 - Flora of Hassan district, Karnataka; Saldanha, C.J. (1996). Flora of Karnataka vol. 2. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co, New Delhi; Parthsarathy, N & Pragasan , A L 2009. Check List 5(3):542-569; Matthew, K.M., The Flora of Tamil Nadu Carnatic, Vol.3 (2). Diocesan Press, Madras. 1983; Sasidharan, N. 2011. Flowering plants of Kerala. DVD, V 2, KFRI.
• Citation : Sankara Rao, K., Raja K Swamy, Deepak Kumar, Arun Singh R. and K. Gopalakrishna Bhat (2019). Flora of Peninsular India. http://peninsula.ces.iisc.ac.in/plants.php?name=Excoecaria crenulata. Downloaded on 23 November 2024.

Botanical Description

Herbarium Specimen(s)

Field Image(s)